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| Nazareth Inscription ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Nazareth Inscription
The Nazareth Inscription or Nazareth decree is a marble tablet inscribed in Greek with an edict from an unnamed Caesar ordering capital punishment for anyone caught disturbing graves or tombs.〔John G. Gager, "Curse Tablets and Binding Spells from the Ancient World" (Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 179.〕 It is dated on the basis of epigraphy to the first half of the 1st century AD. Its provenance is unknown, but a French collector acquired the stone from Nazareth. It is now in the collections of the Louvre.〔E. Mary Smallwood, ''The Jews under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian: A Study in Political Relations'' (Brill, 1976), p. 213; Alan Millard, ''Reading and Writing in the Time of Jesus'' (Sheffield Academic Press, 2001), p. 110.〕
The text is read by scholars in the context of Roman law pertaining to exhumation and reburial, mentioned also by Pliny.〔Pliny, ''Epistles'' 10.68f.; C. Robert Phillips, "Approaching Roman Religion: The Case for ''Wissenschaftsgeschichte''," in "A Companion to Roman Religion'' (Blackwell, 2007), p. 14.〕 Although the text contains no reference to Jesus of Nazareth, it has been of interest to scholars who view it as evidence for the historicity of Jesus.
==Description and provenance==
The marble tablet measures 24 by 15 inches, with the koine Greek inscription appearing in fourteen lines. It was acquired in 1878 by Wilhelm Fröhner (1834–1925), and sent from Nazareth to Paris. Fröhner entered the item in his manuscript inventory with the note "Dalle de marbre envoyé de Nazareth en 1878." Though indicating that the marble was sent from Nazareth, the note does not state that it was discovered there. Nazareth was a significant antiquities market in the 1870s, as was Jerusalem,〔Bruce Manning Metzger, "The Nazareth inscription once again", in ''New Testament Studies: Philological, Versional, and Patristic'' 5 (Brill ) 1980:76ff).〕 and may have been "nothing more than … a shipping center" for the item.〔J. Spencer Kennard, Jr., "The Burial of Jesus", ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' 74.4 (1955:227-238 ), noting the coincidental connection with the burial of Jesus made by Baldensperger, Cumont and Momigliano.〕 Since 1925 it has been in the Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, displayed in the Cabinet des Médailles.
The inscription, with a facsimile, was published in 1930 by Franz Cumont,〔Franz Cumont, "Un réscrit impérial sur la violation de sépulture" in ''Revue Historique'' 163 1930:341-66.〕 who had been alerted to it by Rostovtseff.〔Bruce Manning Metzger, ''New Testament Studies: Philological, Versional, and Patristic'' "5: The Nazareth inscription once again" (Leiden: Brill) 1980:77ff. Metzger gives a summary of discussion among New Testament scholars and ancient historians alike.〕
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